《迷信》（2神仙道25神仙道1神仙道3出书）一周论

编译|李言Science, 3 JAN 2025, Volume 387 Issue 6729《迷信》2025年1月3日，第387卷，6729期?化学ChemistryLandscape profiling of PET depolymerases using a natural sequence cluster framework应用天然序列聚类框架停止PET解聚合酶景不雅剖析▲ 作者：HOGYUN SEO, HWASEOK HONG et al.▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5637▲ 择要：研讨者们曾经可能从自然起源中辨别出剖析聚合物的酶，并用于产业上的塑料接纳。但是，仍有很多酶优化的潜伏出发点不被开辟。咱们天生了1894个聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯解聚合酶（PETase）候选物的170个谱系，并应用与PET降解才能相干的采样方式停止了剖析。咱们断定了三个有远景但尚未被开辟的PETase谱系跟两个无效的PETase，Mipa-P跟Kubu-P。Kubu-P的一个工程变体在恶劣情况下的PET解聚 机能优于基准，比方在高底物负荷跟乙二醇作为溶剂的情况下。▲ Abstract：Enzymes capable of breaking down polymers have been identified from natural sources and developed for industrial use in plastic recycling. However, there are many potential starting points for enzyme optimization that remain unexplored. We generated a landscape of 170 lineages of 1894 polyethylene terephthalate depolymerase (PETase) candidates and performed profiling using sampling approaches with features associated with PET-degrading capabilities. We identified three promising yet unexplored PETase lineages and two potent PETases, Mipa-P and Kubu-P. An engineered variant of Kubu-P outperformed benchmarks in terms of PET depolymerization in harsh environments, such as those with high substrate load and ethylene glycol as the solvent.医学MedicineRare germline structural variants increase risk for pediatric solid tumors常见的种系构造变异增添儿童患实体瘤的危险▲ 作者：RIAZ GILLANI, RYAN L. COLLINS et al.▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq0071▲ 择要：儿童实体瘤是儿童疾病逝世亡的重要起因之一。在这项研讨中，咱们经由过程对1765名抱病儿童、943名未抱病的怙恃跟6665名成人对比的种系基因组测序，研讨了作为儿童颅外实体瘤伤害要素的种系构造变异（SVs）。咱们发明，在男孩中存在很年夜的种系染色体异样与实体瘤危险增添之间基于性其余关系。在神经母细胞瘤中，种系SVs的总体影响最年夜，咱们发明了招致高表白、渐变束缚基因功效损失的超罕见SVs累赘，以及估计会损坏染色质构造域界限的非编码SVs。总的来说，咱们估量常见的种系SVs能够说明1.1%—5.6%的儿童癌症易理性，断定它们是疾病易理性的主要构成局部。▲ Abstract：Pediatric solid tumors are a leading cause of childhood disease mortality. In this work, we examined germline structural variants (SVs) as risk factors for pediatric extracranial solid tumors using germline genome sequencing of 1765 affected children, their 943 unaffected parents, and 6665 adult controls. We discovered a sex-biased association between very large ( 1 megabase) germline chromosomal abnormalities and increased risk of solid tumors in male children. The overall impact of germline SVs was greatest in neuroblastoma, where we uncovered burdens of ultrarare SVs that cause loss of function of highly expressed, mutationally constrained genes, as well as noncoding SVs predicted to disrupt chromatin domain boundaries. Collectively, we estimate that rare germline SVs explain 1.1 to 5.6% of pediatric cancer liability, establishing them as an important component of disease predisposition.地球迷信Earth ScienceRecent global temperature surge intensified by record-low planetary albedo汗青新低的行星倒映率加剧了近期寰球气温降低▲ 作者：HELGE F. GOESSLING, THOMAS RACKOW, AND THOMAS JUNG▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7280▲择要：2023年，寰球均匀气温比产业化前超过近1.5k，比之前的记载超过约0.17k。包含工资变温暖厄尔尼诺景象在内的已知驱动要素的先前最佳估量，能够说明气温回升时大概缺乏的0.2k。应用卫星跟再剖析数据，咱们断定汗青新低的行星倒映率是惹起这一差距的重要要素。这种降落显然是由北半球中纬度跟寒带地域低云笼罩的增加所惹起的，这是多年趋向的连续。对低云趋向停止持续摸索，并懂得此中有几多是因为外部变率、增加的气溶胶浓度，或可能正在呈现的低云反应，对评价以后跟预期的将来变暖至关主要。▲ Abstract：In 2023, the global mean temperature soared to almost 1.5 kelvin above the preindustrial level, surpassing the previous record by about 0.17 kelvin. Previous best-guess estimates of known drivers, including anthropogenic warming and the El Ni?o onset, fall short by about 0.2 kelvin in explaining the temperature rise. Using satellite and reanalysis data, we identified a record-low planetary albedo as the primary factor bridging this gap. The decline is apparently caused largely by a reduced low-cloud cover in the northern mid-latitudes and tropics, in continuation of a multiannual trend. Further exploring the low-cloud trend and understanding how much of it is due to internal variability, reduced aerosol concentrations, or a possibly emerging low-cloud feedback will be crucial for assessing the present and expected future warming.Canadian forests are more conducive to high-severity fires in recent decades近多少十年来，加拿年夜的丛林更轻易产生重大火警▲ 作者：WEIWEI WANG, XIANLI WANG et al.▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1006▲择要：这项研讨断定了加拿年夜丛林中火警重大性的驱动要素，并估量了其时空变更情形。咱们的成果表现，干旱的可燃物是火警重大性的最有影响力的驱动要素，冬季月份更轻易产生重大火警，而北部地域受气象变更的影响最年夜。约6%（0.54%至14.64%）的模仿地区在1981年至2020年时期表现出有利于十分重大火警的天数明显增添，此中年夜局部增添产生在2001年至2020年以及春季跟春季。2023年的重大火警展现了相似的空间形式，但火警重大性的进级更为普遍。▲ Abstract：This study identifies driving forces of burn severity and estimates its spatiotemporal variations in Canadian forests. Our results show that fuel aridity was the most influential driver of burn severity, summer months were more prone to severe burning, and the northern areas were most influenced by the changing climate. About 6% (0.54 to 14.64%) of the modeled areas show significant increases in the number of days conducive to high-severity burning during 1981 to 2020, most of which were found during 2001 to 2020 and in the spring and autumn. The extraordinary 2023 fire season demonstrated similar spatial patterns but more-widespread escalations in burn severity.生物学BiologyBats surf storm fronts during spring migration蝙蝠春季迁移时在风暴锋面“滑行”▲ 作者：EDWARD HURME, IVAN LENZI et al.▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade7441▲ 择要：长间隔迁移在鸣禽中很罕见，但在蝙蝠中却很常见且研讨缺乏。咱们经由过程应用一个存在机载处置才能的、1.2克的物联网（IoT）标签停止测试，追踪了雌性一般夜蝠（Nyctalus noctula）在春季迁移时期穿梭中欧的一样平常地位、温度跟运动，间隔长达1116公里。在3年的时光里，71只蝙蝠每晚迁移数十至数百公里，重要是得益于暖锋的到来为它们供给的风力支撑。蝙蝠还表现出在迁移途中碰到种种差别情形时所须要的、令人意想不到的机动性。但是，在风暴节令末分开的雌性在每次游览间隔上的总运动量更高，这可能是它们为机动迁移时光所支付的价值。▲ Abstract：Long-distance migration, common in passerine birds, is rare and poorly studied in bats. Piloting a 1.2-gram IoT (Internet of Things) tag with onboard processing, we tracked the daily location, temperature, and activity of female common noctules (Nyctalus noctula) during spring migration across central Europe up to 1116 kilometers. Over 3 years, 71 bats migrated tens to hundreds of kilometers per night, predominantly with incoming warm fronts, which provided them with wind support. Bats also showed unexpected flexibility in their ability to migrate across a wide range of conditions if needed. However, females leaving toward the end of the season showed higher total activity per distance traveled, a possible cost for their flexible migration timing.Competitive social feedback amplifies the role of early life contingency in male mice竞争性社会反应缩小了雄性小鼠晚期生涯偶尔性的感化▲ 作者：MATTHEW N. ZIPPLE, DANIEL CHANG KUO et al.▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq0579▲择要：晚期生涯中的偶尔性（或“福气”）在塑造集体开展中起主要感化。经由过程比拟功效上基因雷同但阅历过差别资本竞争程度（雄性）或许不阅历过差别资本竞争程度（雌性）的自在生涯小鼠的开展轨迹，咱们展现了竞争缩小了晚期的偶尔性。雄性资本竞争招致一个缩小了晚期偶尔性的主要性、将集体推向差别的自我强化的生涯轨迹的反应轮回，而这一进程在雌性中仿佛不存在。咱们的成果标明，性抉择的强度可能是自我限度的，它们夸大了即便在不任何潜伏才能差别的情形下，偶尔性可能招致生涯成果的差别。▲ Abstract：Contingency (or “luck”) in early life plays an important role in shaping individuals’ development. By comparing the developmental trajectories of functionally genetically identical free-living mice who either experienced high levels of resource competition (males) or did not (females), we show that competition magnifies early contingency. Male resource competition results in a feedback loop that magnifies the importance of early contingency and pushes individuals onto divergent, self-reinforcing life trajectories, while the same process appears absent in females. Our results indicate that the strength of sexual selection may be self-limiting, and they highlight the potential for contingency to lead to differences in life outcomes, even in the absence of any underlying differences in ability (“merit”).